(* Content-type: application/mathematica *) (*** Wolfram Notebook File ***) (* http://www.wolfram.com/nb *) (* CreatedBy='Mathematica 6.0' *) (*CacheID: 234*) (* Internal cache information: NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookDataPosition[ 145, 7] NotebookDataLength[ 54143, 1650] NotebookOptionsPosition[ 46030, 1365] NotebookOutlinePosition[ 46626, 1389] CellTagsIndexPosition[ 46540, 1384] WindowFrame->Normal ContainsDynamic->False*) (* Beginning of Notebook Content *) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ "A quick start with ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"] }], "Title", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420259109375*^9, 3.440420270953125*^9}}], Cell["Steven Tschantz", "Subtitle", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042027378125*^9, 3.440420276234375*^9}}], Cell["1/8/09", "Subsubtitle", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420278921875*^9, 3.440420281015625*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Notebooks and cells", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420288265625*^9, 3.440420294921875*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " files are called notebooks." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420299765625*^9, 3.440420314734375*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Notebooks record the calculations you do, like an experimental scientist's \ lab notebook. The result can be edited, organized, and reevaluated as a kind \ of proof of a calculation. Notebooks can also be annotated with additional \ text and formatted as reports.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420436421875*^9, 3.440420752859375*^9}, { 3.44042083671875*^9, 3.44042084025*^9}, {3.44042121396875*^9, 3.440421281125*^9}, {3.44042131734375*^9, 3.440421329625*^9}, { 3.4404213726875*^9, 3.44042137625*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "The ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " frontend is the WYSIWYG editor that you use to prepare notebooks. It \ communicates with the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " kernel, the program that does computation." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420994953125*^9, 3.4404211745*^9}}], Cell["\<\ A notebook is a vertical sequence of cells and groups of cells, as delimited \ by brackets at right.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042032765625*^9, 3.440420365703125*^9}, { 3.440420764859375*^9, 3.440420814359375*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Cells are of various types with distinct formatting and functions. Headings, \ sections, and text cells allow you to produce a polished report. Input you \ want evaluated is typed in an input cell. You evaluate the input by pressing \ shift-return, sending the command to the kernel, with any resulting output \ placed in a following output cell.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440420379359375*^9, 3.440420390421875*^9}, { 3.440420823859375*^9, 3.440420947984375*^9}, {3.440421405921875*^9, 3.440421508421875*^9}, {3.440421550234375*^9, 3.440421579875*^9}, { 3.440421612640625*^9, 3.440421629578125*^9}}], Cell["\<\ The editing insertion point is indicated by a small vertical bar when typing \ within a cell, or by a horizontal bar across the window when inserting into \ the vertical sequence of cells. You may also select the cell brackets to \ operate on cells or groups of cells, for example to cut or copy whole cells.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042165715625*^9, 3.44042174559375*^9}, { 3.44042178225*^9, 3.440421865875*^9}, {3.44042203478125*^9, 3.440422056125*^9}}], Cell["\<\ Double clicking on a grouping bracket opens or closes a group of cells, \ allowing a condensed outline view of a document.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404218688125*^9, 3.440421983859375*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "If you are at the bottom of the notebook or between cells and start typing, \ you will start a new input cell. Evaluating the input by pressing \ shift-return produces an output cell and leaves you after the output ready to \ start a new input cell. This is the simplest way to start using ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], "." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422003078125*^9, 3.4404220268125*^9}, { 3.44042206590625*^9, 3.440422279953125*^9}, 3.4404297382395067`*^9}], Cell["\<\ You can edit and reevaluate an input cell in a notebook by clicking anywhere \ within the cell, placing the insertion point in the cell for editing, and \ then pressing shift-return. Alternatively, you can select the cell brackets \ of one or more cells or groups of cells and press shift-return to reevaluate \ all of the included input.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422349*^9, 3.4404225890625*^9}}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Basic computation", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404222926875*^9, 3.440422297953125*^9}}], Cell["Here is an input cell and its corresponding output.", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042230453125*^9, 3.44042232253125*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"2", "+", "2"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404223295*^9, 3.440422330265625*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["4"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.44042233584375*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " works with symbolic as well as numerical expressions, doing basic \ simplifications automatically." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422601125*^9, 3.4404226243125*^9}, { 3.4404226833125*^9, 3.440422710171875*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{"x", "+", "2"}], ")"}], "+", RowBox[{"(", RowBox[{ RowBox[{"x", "^", "2"}], "+", RowBox[{"2", "x"}], "+", "3"}], ")"}]}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422660859375*^9, 3.440422678140625*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"5", "+", RowBox[{"3", " ", "x"}], "+", SuperscriptBox["x", "2"]}]], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440422715234375*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Parentheses are used for grouping only. Square brackets [ ] are used to \ delimit arguments to functions.\ \>", "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042272709375*^9, 3.44042277978125*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Sqrt", "[", "12.3456", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422790265625*^9, 3.44042280509375*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["3.51363060095964`"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.44042280959375*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " computes exact symbolic answers when given exact integer input. Numerical \ answers are computed when approximate numbers are given as decimals, or by \ the N[ ] function." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042283284375*^9, 3.44042297503125*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Sqrt", "[", "2", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422981421875*^9, 3.440422982796875*^9}}], Cell[BoxData[ SqrtBox["2"]], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440422983578125*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"Sqrt", "[", "2.", "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422984484375*^9, 3.440422986234375*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["1.4142135623730951`"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.44042298678125*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"N", "[", RowBox[{"Sqrt", "[", "2.", "]"}], "]"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440422987859375*^9, 3.440422992796875*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["1.4142135623730951`"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440423003828125*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[TextData[{ "Capital and lowercase letters are distinguished in ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " symbols. The built-in constants and functions of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " all start with a capital letter. You can use symbols that begin with \ lowercase without danger of confusion with system functions." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440423073953125*^9, 3.440423234875*^9}, { 3.440429801795487*^9, 3.440429806147538*^9}}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["The last result %", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042345871875*^9, 3.440423465*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "In ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", the last output value produced can be entered in a new expression as %. \ However, when you reevaluate input, remember that the value of % is NOT the \ output immediately above an input cell, unless that was the result that was \ just produced. This is a handy shortcut, but can become confusing when you \ have to go back an edit your input. A double percent sign %% denotes the \ output before last." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440423468015625*^9, 3.440423724609375*^9}, { 3.440423823453125*^9, 3.4404238640625*^9}, {3.440429828496347*^9, 3.440429863869535*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"1", "+", "2", "+", "3", "+", "4"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404237643125*^9, 3.4404237675625*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["10"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440423768828125*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"%", "+", "5"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404237701875*^9, 3.44042377096875*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["15"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440423773546875*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"%", "+", "6"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440423774765625*^9, 3.440423776546875*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["21"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.44042377734375*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"%", "+", "%%"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440423780875*^9, 3.44042378175*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["36"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440423784109375*^9}] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Assignments", "Section", CellChangeTimes->{{3.4404238704375*^9, 3.4404238735*^9}}], Cell[TextData[{ "You assign values to symbols using an equals sign. The ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " kernel remembers each definition until you Clear the symbol or you make a \ substitute definition." }], "Text", CellChangeTimes->{{3.440423876921875*^9, 3.440423963625*^9}, { 3.440424128265625*^9, 3.440424185546875*^9}}], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"x", "=", "4"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042411665625*^9, 3.440424117828125*^9}, { 3.440424195375*^9, 3.440424197390625*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["4"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.440424200734375*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"x", "^", "2"}], "+", RowBox[{"2", "x"}], "+", "3"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042420203125*^9, 3.440424204546875*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["27"], "Output", CellChangeTimes->{3.44042420565625*^9}] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"y", "=", "5"}]], "Input", CellChangeTimes->{{3.44042420859375*^9, 3.440424209640625*^9}}], Cell[BoxData["5"], "Output", 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